Required Number of Witnesses

1. Number of Witnesses (Article 17)

• Financial / Future Obligations [Art. 17(2)(a)]: Must be attested by Two men OR one man and two women.
• All Other Matters [Art. 17(2)(b)]: The Court may accept the testimony of One man or one woman (or circumstantial evidence).

2. Islamic Evidence Principles

• Tazkiyah-al-Shahood (Checking witness credibility/character) applies strictly to Hudood & Qisas cases.
• Shahada-al-Shahada (Witness testifying on behalf of another absent witness) requires appointing 2 witnesses.